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Hormuz fears spike; Israel hits Beirut; Gulf states intercept Iran attacks

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Iranians make their way after crossing into Turkiye at the Kapikoy border in the eastern Van province
Iranians cross into Turkiye at the Kapikoy border gate in the eastern Van province. [Dilara Senkaya/Reuters]
Iranians make their way after crossing into Turkey at the Kapikoy Border Gate in the eastern Van province
Iranian Leila, 45, waits to cross from Turkiye into Iran. After losing contact with her family in Shiraz, she decided she had to return home. [Dilara Senkaya/Reuters]
Iranians make their way after crossing into Turkey at the Kapikoy Border Gate in the eastern Van province
Mohammad Fauzi, 46, an Egyptian factory worker, crossed into Turkiye with no Turkish SIM card, no local currency and no knowledge of Turkish. He worked in Iran's marble and granite sector but said many factories had closed as the conflict escalated. [Dilara Senkaya/Reuters]
Iranians make their way after crossing into Turkey at the Kapikoy Border Gate in the eastern Van province
Hundreds have crossed the border in recent days, and there is now a steady flow in both directions. [Dilara Senkaya/Reuters]
Iranians make their way after crossing into Turkey at the Kapikoy Border Gate in the eastern Van province
Jalileh Jabari, 63, said she left Tehran because “bombs are falling” and the situation had become unbearable. “If things become good there, if Iran becomes good, I will come back.” [Dilara Senkaya/Reuters]
Iranians make their way after crossing into Turkey at the Kapikoy Border Gate in the eastern Van province
Ebrahim Eidi, 61, who arrived in Turkiye from Iran, said many Iranians still hoped for change but feared taking action themselves. “People are afraid to go to the streets.” [Dilara Senkaya/Reuters]
Iranians make their way after crossing into Turkey at the Kapikoy Border Gate in the eastern Van province
Near the Kapikoy border gate after arriving in Turkiye, Yasna, 63, says: “I came to see my daughter, I haven't seen her for six years.” She was reluctant to comment on the political situation in Iran. “I don't know what to say about the situation in Iran because we will be [going] back to Iran.” [Dilara Senkaya/Reuters]
Hamid Shirmohammadzadeh, 35, who arrived in Turkiye from Iran, sits in the lobby of a hotel in Turkiye's Van province. [Dilara Senkaya/Reuters]
Iranians make their way after crossing into Turkey at the Kapikoy Border Gate in the eastern Van province
Luggage belonging to people arriving in Turkiye from Iran at the Kapikoy border gate in Van. [Dilara Senkaya/Reuters]
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History Illustrated: Asymmetric warfare and Iran's fighting chances
History Illustrated: Asymmetric warfare and Iran's fighting chances
The US attack on Iran comes from a place of confidence. On paper, the world’s most powerful military would seem unbeatable. But war can be unpredictable, and weaker opponents often resort to unconventional tactics, or asymmetric warfare, with early anti-colonial conflicts showing how it can work.
History Illustrated: Asymmetric warfare and Iran's fighting chances
In 1946, for example, France entered the First Indochina War confident of victory, ignoring Vietnam’s desire to rid itself of French colonial rule. But the communist-led Viet Minh waged an effective guerrilla war, culminating in a French defeat in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, the loss partly blamed on French hubris.
History Illustrated: Asymmetric warfare and Iran's fighting chances
In the Algerian War of Independence from 1954 to 1962, the French once again failed in the face of the hit-and-run tactics of guerrilla warfare. Algerian fighters, who relied on allies in densely populated urban neighbourhoods, in cities like Algiers, used sabotage and assassinations to great effect.
History Illustrated: Asymmetric warfare and Iran's fighting chances
During the Vietnam War, the Viet Cong preferred dense jungle cover to limit the use of US airpower. They laid booby traps, sprung ambushes and dug hidden tunnels. The Viet Cong also used propaganda tactics to test the US public’s resolve to endure the deaths of American soldiers. A weaker force, in effect, won in 1975 by holding out longer.
History Illustrated: Asymmetric warfare and Iran's fighting chances
In Afghanistan, starting in 2001, the US military again faced a weaker enemy. But the Taliban leveraged improvised explosive devices, suicide bombings, hit-and-run tactics and the killing of local officials to outlast the Americans, who left in 2021.
History Illustrated: Asymmetric warfare and Iran's fighting chances
Iraq was no better. After the US’s conventional invasion toppled Saddam Hussein in 2003, the conflict spiralled into one of IED attacks on convoys, suicide bombings, assassinations and kidnappings.
History Illustrated: Asymmetric warfare and Iran's fighting chances
Today, Ukraine has redefined asymmetric warfare, keeping the much larger Russian invasion force at bay since 2022, in part through the use of inexpensive consumer drones.
History Illustrated: Asymmetric warfare and Iran's fighting chances
In the Middle East, Iran has asserted itself and kept the much more powerful US military and its allies off balance with proxies in Iraq, Lebanon and Yemen. The Houthis in Yemen, for example, have fired missiles and drones into Saudi Arabia, targeting the kingdom’s electricity infrastructure.
History Illustrated: Asymmetric warfare and Iran's fighting chances
Now, as the US wages war with Israel’s help, Iran fires its cheap but effective Shahed-136 kamikaze drones at US military bases in the Middle East and at US allies in the Gulf region. The worry, of course, is that this war could be dragged out as a weaker opponent refuses to give in to a stronger aggressor.
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